water-fly fly that hovers over water. fig. vain or busily idle person(Onion)./ superficial trivial person.

Thy state is the more gracious [for not knowing him]「こんな男は知らぬほうが救われている」"gracious"= holy. free from sin.
crib manger or trough. 飼い葉桶。
mess meal-table. The term survives in military and naval contexts to donate a group of men of the same rank who eat together - and hence the place wher they eat.
chough/ʧʌf/ 嘴と脚の赤い鳥の類。比喩的に 'chatterer' の意味に用いる。/ literally, crow or jackdaw, both birds which can be trained to talk - hence one who chatters or gossips.
spacious in the possession of dirt 「地面を持っていることは広大なものである」Osric その他の courtier が用いるような仰山な言い方を真似たもの。

impart= tell.
his = its.

indifferent = fairly, pretty.

sultry 蒸し暑い。
remember 'remember thy courtesy' の略で「帽子をお被りなさい」という意味。当時用いられた phrase である。

for mine ease 前に 'I take it off' を補ってみる。

absolute= perfect.
differences= distinguishing features.
soft society refined manners in company.
great showing= distinguished appearance.
feelingly= appropriately. 「適切に（彼を評すれば）」
card or calendar of gentry= guide or model of good-breeding. "card" 「羅針盤」"calender" も「指南」という意味。"gentry"= good-breeding.
continent of what part a gentleman would see container or possessor of whatever quality a gentleman might wish to see.

HAMLET 116- 125 Hamlet's response parodies Osric's affected stye of speech, full of empty and repetitive formulas; he seems to agree with Osric's inflation of Laertes's attributes but finally reduces him to his own shadow or mirror image. The parody includes the Shakespearean coinage definement and extolment.
his definement suffers no perdition in you his definition or description suffers no loss by your words./ "definement"= description. "his" は objective genetive. （彼を描写する）"perdition"= loss. "in you"= through you.
divide him inventorially list all his qualitiesseparately (as in an inventory).
dizzy = make dizzy.
arithmetic of memory the ability of memory to calculate.
and yet but yaw neither, in respect of his quick sail and yet only manage roundabout voyage in comparison to his rapid sailing./ "yaw"= (of a ship) move unsteadly. "neither" は "but" とともに用いられ 'nevertheless' というほどの意味。"in respect of"= in comparison with. 彼の長所や才能は船足が速くて追いついて数えることが出来ぬ、の意。
in the verity of extolment= to praise him truthfully.

of great article= of great importance./ "a soul of great article" a very notable personage
infusion = essence. 錬金術の言葉を比喩的に用いたもの。
of such dearth and rareness= so precious and rare./ "dearth" dearness (a synonym for rareness) 高価。
make true diction of him= describe him truthfully./ to speak trully.
his semblable = his like. 彼に匹敵するものは鏡に映る自身の影ばかり。/ the only person like him is his mirror image.
trace follow, i.e. rival.
umbrage shadow./ "his umbrage"の前に 'is' を補う。

infallibly = absolutely trully.
The concernancy, sir?= the meaning, sir?「レアティーズのことを持ち出した意味は？」/ 'How is this relevant' or 'How does this concern us'.
wrap the gentleman in our more rawer breath i.e. clothe him in words which are too rude to do him justice.

Is't not possible to understand in another tongue いろいろな説があるが、「（そんな euphuism を用いなくても）もっと別の言い方、すなわち普通通常の言葉で話し合ったのでは通じないのか」と解するのが穏やかのように思われる。/ Horatio may be asking Osric if he can't understand his own tougue, or he may be calling on both speakers to use simpler words. 後者の解釈をとります。
You will do't, sir you will manage it (i.e. speak more plainly)./ "do't"= understand it.
What imports the nomination what is the significance of naming (Hamlet continues to use a pretentious style). （この紳士を使いに）任命したのはどんな意味があるのか。

I would you did, sir ?Osric has been talking on and on about Laertes as though Hamlet had never heard of him before, so I believe that Hamlet's point is that he wishes that Osric would realize that he, Hamlet, is truly "not ignorant." / "I would you did" → I would you knew that I am not ignorant.
it would not much approve me i.e. it wouldn't do me any good. "approve" advantage, commend. /= it would not be much to my credit.

confess = acknowledge.
compare with = vie with. 張り合う。/ "I should compare with him in excellence" i.e., be tempted to compare myself with him.

but, to know a man well, were to know himself ?This is usually explained as meaning, "for, to recognize excellence in another man, one must know oneself." However, I think it could mean, "but, to know a man well is to know just himself, his unique personality." This interpretation, I believe, fits better with Hamlet's comments about comparing himself with Laertes. / Hamlet implies that to recognize Laertes's excellence one would need to match it, and that to know anyone else well one must first know oneself.
imputation = reputation.
meed = merit.
unfellowed= (has) no equal.

Rapier and dagger These were fashionable weapons for duelling in England around 1600./ 16世紀末イギリスに紹介された。当時としては新しい fencing の方法。それまでは sword and buckler（盾） という方法であった。
Barbary horses Barbary はアフリカの北海岸にある国の名。/ Arab horses, much prized, and soon to be bred in England by James �T.

imponed= staked.
poniards daggers.
assigns 「付属品」
carriages= hangers.
dear to fancy= pleasing to taste. / i.e. fancifully designed or decorated.
hilts 柄。
of very liberal conceit= of tasteful design./ ingenious or lavish design.

must be edified by the margent ere you had done 「合点されるまではきっと説明をお聞きにならなければ承知がなるまい（と存じていた）」"edified"= informed. "margent"(= margin)はページの余白に施す注より転じて注そのものをいう。今日 'marginal notes' と称するもの。
phrase "carriages" のこと。'carriage' は 'gun-carriage' の意味で用いられるのが普通なので、'carry cannon by our sides' と言ったのである。
more german to the matter= appropriate. ここが出所で今日でも普通に使う phrase であるが 'germane' という形を用いる。

he shall not exceed you three hits= Laertes will not beat you by more than three hits.
laid on twelve for nine この数の計算に関しては異説がいろいろあって不可解として断念しているものも少なくないが、自分は、12回の試合中3回は Hamlet が負けても数に入れず、残りの9回に対して Hamlet の方が勝つという賭けを King がしたのだろうと思う。すなわち総数においては7回 Hamlet が負けても、5回勝てば Hamlet の方が勝ったことになるのである。

vouchsafe= design to accept.
the answer Hamlet はこの "answer" を「返事」の意味にとったので、Osric は重ねて「いえ、試合に応ぜられるという意味です」と付け加えた。/ "vouchsafe the answer" agree to accept the challenge (but Hamlet takes it to mean 'make a reply')./ この説明、状況が管理人にはどうしても分かりません。
opposition= offering for challenge.

breathing time of day = time for taking exercise./ my daily time for exercise.
I will win for him "him" i.e. the king.
an= if.
odd hits extra thrusts.

re-deliver = report. 「復命する」
after what flourish your nature will= in whatever affected language you please.
I commend my duty to your lordship= I humbly offer my services to your lordship. 暇乞いのあいさつ。
Yours, yours "yours" は '(I am) your humble servant'. の意味のあいさつの言葉であるが、くり返したのはじれている有様。

there are no tongues else for's turn= no other tongues than his own that would serve his turn (in commending him). "commend" ほめる。'turn' 表現、言い回し。
comply with his dug 「乳房にお辞儀をする」乳飲み児の時からの courtier であることをいったもの。"comply with"= be courtious to. / "his dug" his mother's (or his nurse's ) nipple.
lapwing= peewit; always with allusion to its habits, e.g. its willness in drawing away a visitor from its nests, its supposed habit of runnning about when newly hatched with its head in the shell(Onions). Osric の juvenile self-sufficiency にかけていったもの。「黄口児」などいう類。ここではまた、Osric が帽子を被ってちょこちょこ走って行くのにも refer した。/ 'peewit'= pewit. （鳥）タゲリ。

drossy age= degenerate age in contrast with the Golden Age (Kittredge).
dotes on= be excessively fond of.
only got the tune of the time captured merely the fashionable style of the day.
outward habit of encounter "habit"= appearance, bearing. "encounter"= manner of address, behaviour.
yesty collection= frothy aggregation, i.e. of superficial knowledge. 'frothy aggregation' 泡の集合体。
fond and winnowed opinions= (carries them successfully through the most) foolish and over-refined opinions of the world./ 'winnow' 籾殻を吹き飛ばして分ける。

commended him sent his commendations or greetings. "commend" 委ねる、託する (to)。同じ場で、ほめる、の意でも使われている。
attend = wait for.

or that = or if.
able= strong.

In happy time= at an appropriate time. 「それはよい」
use some gentle entertainment show some courtesy.

fall to = begin to.
She well instructs me= Her advise is good.

at the odds= with the balance of advantage in my favour./ i.e. given that the odds are advantageous to me.
how ill all's here about my heart 「胸の気持ちが悪い」いわゆる虫の知らせ。
foolery 愚かなこと（振る舞い）。

gain-giving= misgiving. 不安、おそれ。
forestall their repair = be beforehanded with their coming./ "repair" coming.
Not a whit not at all.
augury 占い（鳥の動きで未来を予測する）。
there's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow Cf. Matthew 10:29 Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them will fall to the ground unperceived by your Father.

If it be Hamlet's moment of death, predetermined by God like "the fall of a sparrow".
the readiness is all= preparedness is everything. Cf. We never can tell what is going to happen next,... We must hold ourselves ready for anything, and readiness is all... H.W.Nevinson, The English, "Scnene".
since no man has aught of what he leaves 「誰にしろ世を去るとき残すものは何一つ自分のものでないから」/ "since no man has aught of what he leaves, what is't to leave betimes?" 'Since no one have any knowledge of the life he leaves behind him, what does it matter if one dies early (betimes)? (Edwards)
betimes 早く、すぐに。
Let be= no matter./ leave it alone, say no more.